Scientific paper ID 2498 : 2024/3

Abstract: Photovoltaic (PV) cells can be used in the same way as any other energy source. Each is designed to maintain a certain amount of current at a given voltage. However, unlike conventional power sources, the power output of PV depends on the light flux and its energy. Furthermore, not all cells, respectively modules or strings, provide the same power under the same lighting conditions, even if the cells are the same size and design. Variations in process modes can lead to noticeable differences in the output currents of cells from the same batch. These factors must be taken into account in the design and manufacture of PV module structures. If it is necessary to extract maximum efficiency from PV modules or strings, all their elements should be checked. In order to be clear which parameters need to be checked, the characteristics of the PV module as well as the ways to measure them need to be known.