Scientific paper ID 2803 : 2026/4

This report examines the control systems for brushless DC (BLDC) motors, which are critical components in modern electric vehicles due to their high efficiency, reliability, and compact design. Unlike traditional brushed motors, commutation in BLDC motors is performed electronically via power transistor switches, thereby eliminating brush wear and reducing maintenance ments.

The core control architecture is addressed, comprising a power converter (inverter), a control unit (microcontroller), and a sensor-based feedback system (typically Hall-effect sensors or sensorless algorithms). The primary control methodologies are described, including Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM), which achieves voltage regulation with minimal losses by varying the duty cycle. Field-Oriented Control (FOC) is also outlined as an advanced approach that allows independent regulation of magnetic flux and torque. This control method achieves low torque ripple, higher energy efficiency, and improved vehicle dynamics.

Furthermore, attention is dedicated to regenerative braking - a process in which the motor transitions into generator mode. During this phase, kinetic energy is converted into electrical energy and fed back into the battery, effectively extending the driving range and reducing mechanical brake wear.