Scientific paper ID 2707 : 2025/3

The aim of this study is to compare the conditions in road and rail transport and to propose innovative approaches for improvement. Energy and environmental challenges are described in the context of global efforts to reduce carbon emissions and improve energy efficiency.

Studies related to thermal comfort and monitoring of microclimatic conditions in rail transport are analyzed.

The challenges in the field of land transport are systematized and the variable climatic conditions, limited space, energy efficiency and the need for intelligent sensor solutions for building an adaptive environment are examined.

The study, assessment and monitoring of microclimate parameters in land transport is key to ensuring comfort, health and safety of passengers.

The possibilities and methods for measuring the physical parameters of the environment are presented and the regulatory documents and standards for assessing thermal comfort are studied.

In conclusion, the possibilities for adaptive climate systems and IoT technologies are presented as the path to more sustainable and comfortable travel. The study, maintenance and provision of stable microclimate parameters such as temperature, humidity, air velocity, carbon dioxide concentration, presence of dust and gas pollutants of the microclimate in land transport is an important aspect of modern transport engineering and is key to ensuring good air quality and energy efficiency of land transport.